EDITORS GUILD MAGAZINE January-February 2009: Volume 30,
Number 1 by
Michael Kunkes
French composer Maurice Ravel
said, “We should always remember that sensitiveness and emotion constitute the
real content of a work of art.” Few
words better express the filmmaking vision of iconic actor, director, producer
and composer Clint Eastwood, a vision that is realized in no small part by
Eastwood’s picture editors––Oscar winner Joel Cox, A.C.E., and Gary Roach. In 2008, the three partnered on a pair of
deeply affecting emotional dramas––Universal’s recent Changeling, the true
account of 1920s LAPD corruption and cover-up in the case of a missing child
and serial killer, and Warner Bros.’ just-released Gran Torino, which marks
Eastwood’s return to acting as an iron-willed Korean War veteran, forced by
changing times and immigrant neighbours to confront his own prejudices.
For Cox, Gran Torino is the 33rd
collaboration in as many years with Eastwood’s Warner Bros.-based production
company, Malpaso Productions––as editor, supervising editor and assistant
editor––one of the most prolific creative alliances in Hollywood history. Cox grew up at Warner, starting in the
mailroom in 1961; he’s been working in Hollywood since appearing onscreen as a
baby in 1942’s Random Harvest. Cox
learned to cut by watching and being mentored by legendary editors such as
Ralph E. Winters, Sam O’Steen, Walter Thompson and Bill Ziegler. He was already a battle-tested assistant
editor when he came to work for Malpaso in 1976––and almost immediately found
himself co-editing Eastwood-directed and -acted films with another leading
editor and mentor, the late Ferris Webster.
The rewards have been many for Cox, including a 1993 Oscar for Best Film
Editing of Unforgiven, and a second nomination for Million Dollar Baby in 2004.
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| Joel Cox |
Roach joined Malpaso as a young
apprentice editor in 1996. While working
on Absolute Power (1997), he was in an advanced state of on-the-job training,
learning the Avid from assistant editor Tony Bozanich and film assembly from
Cox and his longtime assistant, Michael Cipriano. Within a year, Roach became a full assistant
on the Eastwood-directed Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil and, in a
sharing rather than passing of the torch, became Cox’s co-editor in 2006.
Editors Guild Magazine sat down
with the two collaborators at Cox’s cutting room at Malpaso on the Warner lot
as they were finishing post-production on Gran Torino.
Editors Guild Magazine: How did
you get your big breaks?
Joel Cox: When I went to work for
Clint in 1976, I had just one editing credit, Farewell My Lovely (1975), which
I co-edited with Walter Thompson. That
year, I took over the final editing of The Outlaw Josey Wales when Ferris
Webster, Clint’s regular editor, became ill.
That’s how my relationship with Clint came together. I co-edited with Ferris until he retired
after Honkytonk Man in 1982, and the next year, I took over the reins as
Clint’s sole editor on Sudden Impact.
 |
| Gary Roach |
Gary Roach: For years, Clint
would ask me if I was cutting any scenes, but I was too busy with assistant
work. My break came in 2006 when he
decided to start shooting Letters from Iwo Jima at the same time Joel was editing
Flags of Our Fathers, and Clint really wanted me to co-edit Letters. So I’m thinking, “Great; the first film I
edit is going to be in Japanese.” I
remember asking Clint if Joel and I would have an interpreter in the cutting
room and he said, “Nope. You guys will
figure it out.”
EGM: Joel, how have you passed
along what you’ve learned?
JC: The method I’ve taught Gary
is the one I learned when I was an assistant.
We look at dailies and when we sit down to actually edit a scene, we run
each of the takes and create a page or two of handwritten notes about what is
important in each take––the emotions, the feelings, the looks on the
characters’ faces, their actions, shot angles, take numbers––and write all that
down as a bible that gives us the direction of that scene.
EGM: Gary, what is the toughest
adjustment you’ve had to make from being an assistant?
GR: At the end of Changeling, I
handled all the cutting in of visual effects shots, worked with the sound
editors and kept the DI going. I got
completely in the mode of handling all that technical stuff, and then had to
get back into creative mode for Gran Torino.
Because I’ve only done a few shows, it takes me a few days to get back
into that role.
EGM: What’s the typical process
of working with Clint Eastwood?
JC: We never go on location. Clint wants us here to look at the film and
discuss with him what we’ve seen. Gary
and I cut film during the week, then ship him what we’ve done; he’ll suggest
changes, then we move on. But Clint
never tells us what to cut, what scenes or angles to use. There’s a lot of responsibility––but also a
lot of trust. By the time he sees a
first cut, it’s already pretty close.
EGM: How do you divide up scenes
and sequences?
JC: It’s whoever comes in first
in the morning! We don’t sit down and
say, “You do this and I’ll do that.”
Sometimes, there will be two or three scenes in a row that, because of
the way they were shot, would work better if the same person cut them. But otherwise, that’s exactly how it
works. A lot of times, you will see two
editors on a film and be able to pick out the different ways they have of doing
things––but Gary and I are from the same mold.
You’d have to be me to know who cut which scenes.
GR: The way it worked out, we
each cut almost exactly half of Changeling and Gran Torino. After ten years of sitting with this amazing
editor and director, I’ve come to know Joel’s style as well as what Clint
likes. I can cut a scene and he can cut
the very next scene, simply because there is no method to our madness. Our styles just flow together.
EGM: Does Clint make major
changes?
JC: I’ve worked for Clint for
over 33 years, and he has actually disassembled only one sequence on me––and
that only because the actress in the scene wanted more close-ups. Clint says that if a scene works, there are
no rules to follow. My only rule is that
I try never to cross the imaginary 180-degree line when there are two people in
a scene, because I don’t like to see them both looking in the same direction;
for example, both looking camera right.
I really feel that the audience should see two people looking at each
other.
EGM: Speaking of twos, it seems
that many of the best moments in Eastwood films are two-shots.
JC: The way we edit, we don’t go
to a lot of close-ups––which makes it tougher because as editors we’re worried
about matching. But Clint won’t inhibit
an actor for the sake of matching shots.
He wants a 40-foot screen utilized across 40 feet, so very rarely will
you see a very extreme close-up with Clint, and then only for a very good
reason. For him, the emotion of the
scene might be in the wider shot because you have the character’s whole body
language giving you the emotion; it’s not just in the eyes.
EGM: How much of Changeling did
not make the final cut?
GR: Our first cut was 3:15, and
we ultimately got it down to 2:20 by cutting sequences that took the story into
areas it didn’t need to go. When the
Mounties come to arrest Northcott [Jason
Butler Harner], Clint shot a long sequence in which he temporarily eludes
capture in a rooftop chase. Then we were
into a chase movie and Changeling was not about that. Another plotline that was removed was a
sequence that takes place when Christine [Angelina Jolie] comes home from the
mental institution and Gustav Briegleb [John Malkovich] brings men to the house
to protect her because he thought she was in danger from the LAPD.
JC: Clint looks at the big
picture and says, “This scene takes us away from moving the picture along, so
we have to cut it.” And even when he’s
acting in one of his own films, he’s not afraid to cut himself out.
EGM: How did Gran Torino come to
your attention?
JC: Gary and I were editing
Changeling in Carmel, near where Clint lives, when he brought us the script for
Gran Torino. We both read it and I told
Clint, “It’s almost as if this guy [Nick Schenk] wrote it for you.” He thought it was kind of off-the-wall and
didn’t really know how people would react to it. I told him,
“People have to understand that you’re just playing a character; this
isn’t really who you are.” And the truth
is, though people may think of him as Dirty Harry, he’s more like the Robert
Kincaid character in Bridges of Madison County––very soft-hearted and easy going.
EGM: How would you describe Gran
Torino?
JC: Gran Torino is a smaller,
more intimate film than some of Clint’s more recent movies. I would describe it as “Grumpy Old Men meets
Archie Bunker meets Dirty Harry.” Also,
like Million Dollar Baby, it has a plot twist that you will never see coming.
EGM: What was the most
challenging scene for you to cut––in either movie?
JC: In Changeling, there’s the
hearing scene at the institution between Christine and Dr. Steele [Denis O’Hare]. He’s sitting at his desk, looking over his
notes and humming. She thinks he’s going
to release her, when actually he’s getting ready to completely take her apart. Editing that scene was all about tempo,
timing and holding the cuts. Music also plays
a part in the hanging scene at San Quentin at the end of the film. Northcott
is singing “Silent Night” on the gallows, and as he sings the words
“…mother and child,” the trap opens––I cut quickly to Christine then back to
him and down he went. You take a moment
like that, set it up and put it into position to play a certain way. These are the little things an editor does
that don’t jump out at you.
GR: In Gran Torino, there’s a
great scene in the barbershop where Clint and the barber try to teach Thao [Bee
Vang], the Hmong teen, how to banter back and forth with people like “real
men.” It was not an easy scene because
there was just so much dialogue and I wanted to create pauses that would allow
the right emotional tone into the scene.
What Clint did with the Hmong actors was amazing. They surround his character throughout the
film and he got great performances out of these amateur actors with little or
no previous experience.
There is also the scene in
Changeling where Sanford [Eddie Alderson] is in the police station and another
kid is sitting there tapping a ruler on his shoulder, intercut with the scene
at the Wineville ranch where Northcott is chopping up a kid. We don’t normally do a lot of quick cutting,
but I felt we needed to do these one-second cuts of the axe coming down,
cutting to the ruler tapping on the kid’s shoulder, then to the kid’s
eyes. I also did some variable speeds of
the axe coming down in the Avid. I had
no idea what Clint was going to say, and when he saw it, he just said, “Hmmm,
yeah,” and walked out of the room. And I
thought, “Oh, that’s just great.” And
the next day he came in and said, “No, I like it––I just had to sleep on
it.”
EGM: Was there any point where
you were editing Changeling and Gran Torino at the same time?
JC: Changeling was basically
finished when we started editing Gran Torino, to the point where we were able
to take it to Cannes and run it.
GR: We had a cut of Changeling
within a week of the wrap, and on Gran Torino, we were virtually up to camera
the entire time, with a cut two days after production wrapped. At Warner Bros., Joel and I have separate
editing rooms. But when we go up to
Carmel, we have two Avids in the same room, and Clint will sit between us,
watch what we’re doing and give us the changes he wants us to make. We get things done really quickly.
EGM: Joel, would you ever edit
film again?
JC: I could do it, but a lot of
editors today don’t have the training and background to work with film
anymore. The Avid is a revolutionary
tool, but I edit electronically the same way I cut on the Moviola. I do the mark-in, get to the end of the shot,
do my mark-out and cut that in. I’ve had
young editors tell me that they spend 90 percent of their time in edit mode
sliding the cuts. I only do that after
I’ve put four or five cuts together and run the scene. If there’s something I want to adjust then, I
will––but I don’t even spend ten percent of my time sliding cuts.
EGM: Does Clint shoot a lot of
footage?
JC: Neither Clint nor I quite get
what people who shoot a million feet do with all that film. You burden the actors down, you burden their
performances. His actors come to the set
well rehearsed and knowing his method.
He believes that there’s freshness in the first take of a performance
that you lose five to 20 takes down the road.
He’s not against a stutter or a flaw in a reading. That’s why Clint doesn’t like to loop. You can’t re-create the ambient sound or the
voice inflections and emotion that you get on the set. He’d rather have the performance. But he always gives me more than an adequate
amount of footage to edit the film.
EGM: How do you work with music?
 |
| Bruce Ricker Eastwood and Joel Cox |
JC: Clint and I both believe that
music is something that is there to support the film, not to be a
character. We also believe that you
don’t have to play music from the first frame till the last; that’s not the
style of movie he does. If you have to
use music to get people to feel strong emotions, then the film isn’t working by
itself. He knows his audience; he’s
making films for adults.
GR: Clint will have a tune in
mind, and he’ll sit down at the piano and plunk it out, and somewhere along the
way he’ll get together with his son Kyle and arranger Michael Stevens. They’ll bring a bunch of material to us, we
load it in, and then Joel will overlay and work these themes together to put
together a score that Clint invariably falls in love with. At the very end, Lennie Niehaus, Clint’s
orchestrator, comes in and writes string and other arrangements that fill it
all out.
EGM: What’s up next for you two?
JC: The Human Factor (Invictus),
which Clint starts shooting in March.
Morgan Freeman will be portraying Nelson Mandela during his first term
as President of South Africa, after the fall of apartheid.
EGM: Where do you think picture
editing today is heading?
JC: The one thing I fear is that
films today are being made for a much younger audience and edited in a very
different style. I am not against
that. However, I think a film is viewed
through the eyes of the characters, and I don’t want to tip the audience off to
something that’s going to happen before the characters see it. It should be like a book; you never know
until you turn the page. The audience
should be like a fly on the wall. It’s
the characters’ story, not the audience’s.
GR: This is why it’s important
for me to have a similar style to Joel––so that we share the same rhythms. I must say here that Joel has been incredibly
gracious in allowing me to work by his side.
It’s been an incredible experience and it is so appreciated.
JC: I like to tell people we are
the “masters of emotion,” because that’s what Clint’s films are all about. We don’t have egos because the films say it
all. There’s huge art being created in
this room, and we are the luckiest guys in the world.
On paper this looks good - I just
wonder though how the extras will be - this seems to be the ideal opportunity
for Universal to do it properly.... but I'm not holding my breath. I hope they
would of tracked down Clint's featurette THE STORYTELLER filmed in 1971, during
the making of The Beguiled, The Storyteller is the first Documentary short ever
directed by Eastwood. Shot in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, under the Malpaso
Production Company, it has a running time of 12 minutes. There is also another
featurette made during High Plains Drifter - A MAN NAMED EASTWOOD - another
essential piece that should be included in this package...Radio spots,
Trailers, TV spots??? Anyone know if there are any commentaries included? There
are plenty of Eastwood experts around... authors, biographers? Any stills
galleries? I know there is an open ended interview with both Eastwood and
MacLaine recorded during the making of TWO MULES FOR SISTER SARA - I know
because I have it... Is this to be included? I've never reviewed anything here
prior to its release, so I will give it 5 stars simply because I support the
release of these movies on the Blu Ray format (Eiger should look wonderful).
But, without sounding like a broken record, I know Universal can be lazy. I
fear this collection will not feature (other than probably a standard trailer)
any of the above extras - but its about time they should. Fans have spent
generously over the decades - the Video Cassette - the Laserdisc - the DVD... they're a
loyal bunch. I've always looked upon the Blu ray format as a representation of
quality - not just in terms of its spec - but also in terms content - the high end
choice. However, I think a lot of the studios now just use it as a common
dumping ground - another outlet in order to recycle - and with little
consideration as to what makes the format something special. It's a shame - and
probably another chance gone missing - I guess we'll just have to wait and see.
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